Validation of information architecture: Cross-methodological comparison of tree testing variants and prototype user testing
Eduard Kuric, Peter Demcak, Matus Krajcovic · Information and Software Technology · 2025
Context: Tree testing is an established user testing method applied by software professionals to validate that an information architecture is logically navigable by users. We identify a methodological gap caused by previously unexamined non-uniformity between tree testing methods and software. Objective: To reveal the role of the user interface representations in tree testing, this research compares the results of 3 commonly-used tree testing variants. To assess how indicative they are of the user’s interaction with an information architecture implemented in an actual user interface, and to issue methodological recommendations, comparison with varied high-fidelity prototypes was performed. Methods: Two between-subject studies were conducted to obtain a new dataset of users navigating an information architecture in tree testing and in interactive user interface prototypes. Data from 180 participants and 1800 task completions between 6 experimental conditions—3 tree testing and 3 prototype user interface variants—was evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. Results: Significant differences were found between results yielded by different tree testing method variants, and in how well they approximate user navigation in the same information architecture in high-fidelity prototypes. Implications for selection of the tree testing variant are proposed in the context of evaluated information architecture, with plausible broader applicability for tree testing methodology. Evidence supports the tree testing variant with highest visibility of previous navigation choices and direct controls over their reversal as the most accurate. Conclusion: Presented findings can contribute to the design of software information architecture based on more accurate early validation, owing to tree testing that simulates less artificial user behavior more reflective of the user’s navigation in the eventual user interface. We hope this will further the discussion and research leading to more holistic tree testing methodologies in the future.