Estimating CPI Stacks From Multiplexed Performance Counter Data Using Machine Learning
Daniel Puckett, Tyler Tomer, Paul V. Gratz, Jiang Hu, Galen M Shipman, Jered Dominguez-Trujillo, Kevin J. Sheridan · IEEE Computer Architecture Letters · 2025
Optimizing software at runtime is much easier with a clear understanding of the bottlenecks facing the software. CPI stacks are a common method of visualizing these bottlenecks. However, existing proposals to implement CPI stacks require hardware modifications. To compute CPI stacks without modifying the CPU, we demonstrate CPI stacks can be estimated from existing performance counters using machine learning.