Machine learning techniques for imbalanced multiclass malware classification through adaptive feature selection
Binayak Panda, Sudhanshu Shekhar Bisoyi, Sidhanta Panigrahy, Prithviraj Mohanty · PeerJ Computer Science · 2025
Detecting polymorphic or metamorphic variants of known malware is an ever-growing challenge, just like detecting new malware. Artificial intelligence techniques are preferred over conventional signature-based malware detection as the number of malware variants proliferates. This article proposes an Adaptive Multiclass Malware Classification (AMMC) framework that trains base machine learning models with fewer computational resources to detect malware. Furthermore, this work proposes a novel adaptive feature selection (AFS) technique using the greedy strategy on term frequency and inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) feature weights to address the selection of influential features and ensure better performance metrics in imbalanced multiclass malware classification problems. To assess AMMC's efficacy using AFS, three open imbalanced multiclass malware datasets (VirusShare with eight classes, VirusSample with six classes, and MAL-API-2019 with eight classes) on Windows API sequence features were used. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of AMMC with AFS, achieving state-of-the-art performance on VirusShare, VirusSample, and MAL-API-2019 with a macro F1-score of 0.92, 0.94, and 0.84 and macro area under the curve (AUC) of 0.99, 0.99, and 0.98, respectively. The performance measurements obtained with AMMC for all datasets were highly promising.