Medical Image Authentication and Self-Recovery Using Fragile Watermarking in the Frequency Domain
Riadh Bouarroudj, Fouzi Harrou, Nabil Zerrouki, Feryel Souami, Fatma Zohra Bellala, Ying Sun · 2025
The rapid growth in digital image sharing, driven by advancements in internet and communication technologies, has raised concerns about image integrity, especially in sensitive fields like healthcare. This paper presents a fully blind fragile watermarking technique for authenticating and self-recovering color and grayscale medical images. The approach applies the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to the cover image, and the resulting subbands are divided into 3×3 blocks. One authentication and four recovery watermarks are then embedded into the least significant bits (LSBs) of each block. During the extraction phase, if tampering is detected, the model accurately localizes the altered areas, and a three-level recovery process, including a new inpainting technique, is used to recover the original image. Results based on two publically available datasets demonstrate that this method delivers high-quality watermarked images, achieves optimal watermark extraction accuracy, and maintains high sensitivity to various attacks. Additionally, it provides precise tamper localization and delivers high-quality recovered images, even with tampering rates as high as 60%.