ICMarks: A Robust Watermarking Framework for Integrated Circuit Physical Design IP Protection
Ruisi Zhang, Rachel Selina Rajarathnam, David Zhigang Pan, Farinaz Koushanfar · IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems · 2025
Physical design watermarking (WM) on contemporary integrated circuit (IC) layout encodes signatures without considering the dense connections and design constraints, which could lead to performance degradation on the watermarked products. This article presentsICMarks, a quality-preserving and robust WM framework for modern IC physical design.ICMarksembeds unique watermark signatures during the physical design’s placement stage, thereby authenticating the IC layout ownership.ICMarks’s novelty lies in 1) strategically identifying a region of cells to watermark with minimal impact on the layout performance and 2) a two-level WM framework for augmented robustness toward potential removal and forging attacks. Extensive evaluations on benchmarks of different design objectives and sizes validate thatICMarksincurs no wirelength and timing metrics degradation, while successfully proving ownership. Furthermore, we demonstrateICMarksis robust against two major WM attack categories, namely, watermark removal and forging attacks; even if the adversaries have prior knowledge of the WM schemes, the signatures cannot be removed without significantly undermining the layout quality.