Global coverage path planner in 2.5 dimensions for nonholonomic vehicles
Erik Arvidsson, Magnus Karlberg, Håkan Lideskog, Torbjörn Lindbäck · International Journal of Forest Engineering · 2025
This study presents a metaheuristic approach to coverage path planning for ground-based forest operations, focusing on minimizing path lengths for forest vehicles while considering terrain characteristics and vehicle parameters. Forest vehicles can usually tolerate higher pitch than roll angles, which makes them vulnerable to rollover. To mitigate that, this method utilizes a genetic algorithm to optimize the sequence of nodes, which are scattered over the site with equal spacing. The coverage path planner then calculates the Dubins path distance between every node in the fitness function, together with penalties for exceeding pitch, roll and soil moisture constraints for the vehicle. This ensures that the path planner tries to make the most traversable path as possible, while trying to minimize the driving distance. Two synthetic test sites resembling primitive challenging terrains, and one real site were utilized to theoretically evaluate the proposed method. The results show that aligning the node patterns with the critical slope headings, instead of having a straight pattern, had little effect on the path length. However, square grids can yield shorter paths across multiple runs, while triangular grids ensure consistent results in single runs. A two-hectare site took 43 minutes to calculate on average. This suggests that further development of the path planner could lead to significant improvements, enabling the management of sites larger than a few hundred nodes. However, the calculation time is justified for the reduced path length during deployment. The study presents a methodology that supports manual operators and establishes foundations for full autonomy.