Reflecting Digital Transformations in Public Health Curricula
Rok Hrzic, Stefan Buttigieg, Brian Li Han Wong, Anabelle Macedo Silva, Karl F. Conyard, Mary Codd, Patty Kostkova, Nienke M. Schutte, Robin van Kessel · Public health reviews · 2025
Digital technologies promise greater personalisation and precision in public health services, automation of repetitive tasks, and more efficient use of existing resources through rapid management and analysis of big data sets. To seize this opportunity, the public health workforce needs to become sufficiently competent to navigate these novel digital technologies and understand how to apply them across the spectrum of essential public health functions. With few exceptions, however, digital skills are not yet systematically incorporated into public health curricula.Digital transformation in public health is "a complex and multifaceted process that is disruptive and fundamentally changes the culture, operational models, and goals of public health services, centred on the health needs of the public." 1 Critically, this includes not only the digitisation of existing processes and patient pathways but also devising entirely new ways of working, bringing about a cultural transformation. 2 The widespread adoption of smartphones, wearable technology, and social media platforms since the 2000s was seized as new opportunities for public health interventions, while the COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the uptake of digital technologies within the health sector. 3,4 Legislation like the European Health Data Space regulation is creating increasingly sophisticated and technically advanced health information systems that require skilled professionals to manage efficiently and amplify the potential benefits of digital transformations. 5 On the other hand, the emergence of social media as a dominant source of health (mis)information, increasing concern about the mental health impacts of social media, and the growing role of 'Big Tech' in public health also create new challenges that most public health professionals are illequipped to handle promptly and comprehensively. 6 On top of that, the emergence of a range of artificial intelligence technologies could redesign and positively augment central tenets of health systems and healthcare delivery while simultaneously posing a potential risk to public and population health through the spread of misinformation and reinforcement of health-harming behaviours. 2 To navigate the complexities of digital transformations in public health, there is an urgent need to upskill the public health workforce.At the time of publication, there are no generally agreed-upon competency frameworks focused on digital transformations in public health. However, sufficient relevant evidence is available to start an initial redesign of public health curricula in anticipation of more comprehensive guidance. For instance, we can learn from competency frameworks aimed at healthcare providers. A recent review of educational frameworks identified 28 digital health competency domains, including basic information technology literacy, health information management, digital communication, ethical, legal, or regulatory requirements, and data privacy and security. 7 Ongoing global and Europe-wide initiatives will improve the theoretical and practical basis for training the (public) health workforce. Building on its experience with infodemic management training, the WHO convened a Digital Health Competency Framework Committee in 2023 to develop a framework outlining competencies for digital health policymakers, programme planners or managers, health practitioners, and the general public. Another example is the EU-funded BeWell project (bewell-project.eu), which developed a strategy for developing digital and green skills in healthcare and an overview of relevant training programmes. 8 Currently available resources (e.g. the WHO-ITU Digital Health Platform Handbook) 9 are geared towards helping professionals navigate and steer digital transformations in health organisations and services. These resources are not explicitly aimed at directing public health workforce development, risking the oversight of public health-specific factors. Nevertheless, they can offer a promising starting point for the augmentation and redesigning of public health curricula to include materials on digital transformations.Based on a comprehensive synthesis and expert consensus of priority areas in the digital determinants of health, 2 we identified and described the competency domains for undergraduate and general graduate public health education that are widely accepted as critical to public health in the digital era (Table 1). However, the key challenge is implementing new competency domains in public health curricula that balance wellestablished public health competencies with the new competencies required by digital transformations. To support institutions and educators in navigating this challenge, we provide four guiding principles.Firstly, it is important to integrate relevant digital competencies throughout the curriculum rather than exclusively in standalone courses on digital transformations -especially in light of the ubiquitous nature of digitalisation. 2 This allows staff and students to contend with the challenges of digital transformation in the relevant context and avoids counterproductive pigeonholing of digital skills. 10 For example, emerging sources of health data can be studied in the context of an existing course on epidemiology, and digital communication skills can be integrated into existing courses on health promotion. Secondly, integrating digital competencies in organisational management and leadership skills is necessary to reflect digital transformations as a fundamental process of change in how public health services are delivered. Thirdly, fostering literacy in managing organisations and leading organisational change is essential. These themes are already highlighted in the WHO-ASPHER Competency Framework for the Public Health Workforce in the European Region. Some schools already provide relevant content in their core programmes. This experience, supplemented by the work of specialist groups such as the ASPHER Task Force on Digital Transformation in Public Health (DiPH), has contributed to the proposed curricular content in the ASPHER Core Curriculum for Public Health (www.ccp.aspher.org), a current and ongoing dynamic effort to define and harmonise PH curricula in support of the attainment of PH competencies. This also covers the potential to upskill the existing public health workforce through executive training and other forms of continuous professional development.Finally, it is vital to create an interdisciplinary academic community with a deep understanding of information technology and data engineering as well as public health disciplines. Digital transformations in public health require that the public health workforce be prepared to work closely with other professionals in and outside of the health sector, including employees of social media companies, software developers, data engineers and scientists. 2 This requires a bidirectional transition to an interdisciplinary curriculum. In one direction, public health education needs to foster digital skills in students with backgrounds in medicine or the health sciences. In the other direction, public health schools need to provide training in the principles of public health for information technology and engineering students interested in digital public health. To achieve this, public health schools will need to work collaboratively with faculties of computer science and engineering.