Quantum approximated cloning-assisted density matrix exponentiation
Pablo Rodriguez-Grasa, Rubén Ibarrondo, Javier Gonzalez-Conde, Yue Ban, Patrick Rebentrost, Mikel Sanz · Physical Review Research · 2025
Classical information loading is an essential task for many processing quantum algorithms, constituting a cornerstone in the field of quantum machine learning. In particular, the embedding techniques based on Hamiltonian simulation techniques enable the loading of matrices into quantum computers. A representative example of these methods is the Lloyd-Mohseni-Rebentrost (LMR) protocol, which efficiently implements matrix exponentiation when multiple copies of a quantum state are available. However, this is a quite ideal setup, and in a realistic scenario, the copies are limited and the noncloning theorem prevents one from producing more exact copies in order to increase the accuracy of the protocol. Here, we propose a method to circumvent this limitation by introducing imperfect quantum copies, which significantly improve the performance of the LMR when the eigenvectors are known.