Gray‐Box Attacks against White‐Box Implementations
Aleksei Udovenko · 2025
One of the key tools used in gray-box attacks on white-box implementations is the recording of computational traces. Fault injection becomes a very powerful tool in the white-box setting. The most powerful application is the differential fault attack . Gray-box attacks are applicable in the white-box setting and they even become more powerful due to specifics of the white-box model: determinism, precise measurements and data-dependency information. These properties lead to a wide range of generic automated attacks. Besides classic key recovery attacks, fault injections may be used for simplification and weakening of the implementation via removal of pseudo randomness and dummy computations. Noise-free measurements allow the efficient exact matching attack and the powerful algebraic attack, defeating linear encodings or any order.