VersaTile: Flexible Tiled Architectures via Associative Processors
Kailin Yang, José F. Martínez · ACM Transactions on Architecture and Code Optimization · 2025
As modern applications demand more data, processing-in-memory (PIM) architectures have emerged to address the challenges of data movement and parallelism. In this article, we propose VersaTile, a heterogeneous, fully CMOS-based tiled architecture that combines conventional out-of-order (OoO) superscalar CPUs and associative processors (APs), a type of CAM-based PIM core. Both CPUs and APs leverage the RISC-V ISA and its standard RVV vector extension. VersaTile fosters collaboration between multiple low-latency CPUs and high-throughput APs by sharing the same software stack and adopting a common CPU programming and compilation frontend. Moreover, we introduce tile stitching, a mechanism enabling the aggregation of multiple APs into a single vector super-unit with modest hardware support and no programming effort. Tile stitching allows us to configure an architecture for optimal performance across a wide range of applications. We provide a detailed case study, including a scalable floorplan example, as well as a comprehensive evaluation of various design points. Our experiments show that, when using only AP tiles, VersaTile can achieve, on average across the Phoenix benchmark suite and 3D convolution, a \(5.7\times\) speedup with respect to area-equivalent OoO CPU cores with SIMD ALUs (up to \(23\times\) ), and \(4.6\times\) with respect to an equivalent-sized monolithic AP baseline (up to \(29\times\) ). For applications with both DLP (vector) and ILP (scalar) regions, VersaTile can use APs and OoO cores collaboratively to achieve better performance than using either one of them only, up to \(4.4\times\) .