Precision and Uncertainties in Planning and Delivery
Antony Lomax · 2025
Uncertainty is an inherent part of any radiotherapy intervention, proton therapy being no different. In this chapter, the main uncertainties associated with the delivery of pencil beam scanned proton therapy are discussed, covering machine delivery, dose calculations, range uncertainties, patient positioning and intra- and inter-fraction anatomical changes. For all, a clinically oriented, practical viewpoint has been taken for the discussion, with the aim of putting delivery uncertainties into context, in particular in relation to other uncertainties inherent to the clinical proton therapy process.