Template Watermarking Algorithm for Remote Sensing Images Based on Semantic Segmentation and Ellipse-Fitting
Xuanyuan Cao, Wei Zhang, Qifei Zhou, Changqing Zhu, Na Ren · Remote Sensing · 2025
This study presents a ring template watermarking method utilizing semantic segmentation and elliptical fitting to address the inadequate resilience of digital watermarking techniques for remote sensing images against geometric attacks and affine transformations. The approach employs a convolutional neural network to determine the coverage position of the annular template watermark automatically. Subsequently, it applies the least squares approach to align with the relevant elliptic curve of the annular watermark, facilitating the restoration of the watermark template post-deformation due to an attack. Ultimately, it acquires the watermark information by analyzing the binarized image according to the coordinates. The experimental results indicate that, despite various geometric and affine modification attacks, the NC mean value of watermark extraction exceeds 0.83, and the PSNR value surpasses 35, thereby ensuring substantial invisibility and enhanced robustness. In addition, the methods presented in this paper provide useful references for imaging data in other fields.