Virtual 3D models, augmented reality systems and virtual laparoscopic simulations in complicated pancreatic surgeries: state of art, future perspectives, and challenges
Imán Laga, Carmen Cepeda Franco, José Domingo Sanmartín Sierra, Javier Castell Monsalve, Francisco Javier Padillo Ruiz · International Journal of Surgery · 2025
Pancreatic surgery is considered one of the most challenging interventions by many surgeons, mainly due to retroperitoneal location and proximity to key and delicate vascular structures. These factors make pancreatic resection a demanding procedure, with successful rates far from optimal and frequent postoperative complications. Surgical planning is essential to improve patient outcomes, and in this regard, many technological advances made in the last few years have proven to be extremely useful in medical fields. This review aims to outline the potential and limitations of 3D digital and 3D printed models in pancreatic surgical planning, as well as the impact and challenges of novel technologies such as augmented/virtual reality systems or artificial intelligence to improve medical training and surgical outcomes.