Imposing Fine-Grained Synthetic Frequency Response Rate Constraints for IBR-Rich Distribution System Restoration
Chongyu Wang, Yunjian Xu, Kaiyuan Pang, Mohammad Shahidehpour, Qin Wang, Guoteng Wang, Fushuan Wen · IEEE Transactions on Power Systems · 2025
Frequency response rate (FRR) constraints are imposed during synchronous generator-dominated distribution system restoration (DSR) to prevent unallowable frequency dip caused by load pickup. However, with the ever-increasing penetration of diversified inverter-based resources (IBRs), the FRR is evolving as the synthetic FRR (SFRR), rendering their constraints more intractable to be incorporated in DSR. This letter proposes a novel method for losslessly imposed fine-grained SFRR constraints on IBR-rich DSR optimization models, for the first time. Simulation results verify that it can accurately ensure the secure synthetic frequency response in each formed microgrid through concise linearized constraints, without order reduction of frequency transfer functions or piecewise approximations of frequency nadir.