Semi-Supervised Counting via Pixel-by-Pixel Density Distribution Modeling
Hui Lin, Zhiheng Ma, Rongrong Ji, Yaowei Wang, Zhou Su, Xiaopeng Hong, Deyu Meng · IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence · 2025
This paper focuses on semi-supervised crowd counting, where only a small portion of the training data are labeled. We formulate the pixel-wise density value to regress as a probability distribution, instead of a single deterministic value. On this basis, we propose a semi-supervised crowd counting model. First, we design a pixel-wise distribution matching loss to measure the differences in the pixel-wise density distributions between the prediction and the ground-truth; Second, we enhance the transformer decoder by using density tokens to specialize the forwards of decoders w.r.t. different density intervals; Third, we design the interleaving consistency self-supervised learning mechanism to learn from unlabeled data efficiently. Extensive experiments on four datasets are performed to show that our method clearly outperforms the competitors by a large margin under various labeled ratio settings.