Programmable Real-Time Scheduling of Disaggregated Network Functions: A Theoretical Model
Tamás Lévai, Balázs Vass, Gábor Rétvári · IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management · 2025
Novel telecommunication systems build on a cloudified architecture running softwarized network services as disaggregated virtual network functions (VNFs) on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware to improve costs and flexibility. Given the stringent processing deadlines of modern applications, these systems are critically dependent on a closed-loop control algorithm to orchestrate the execution of the disaggregated components. At the moment, however, the formal model for implementing such real-time control loops is mostly missing. In this paper, we introduce a new real-time VNF execution environment that runs entirely on COTS hardware. First, we define a comprehensive formal model that enables us to reason about packet processing delays across disaggregated VNF processing chains analytically. Then we integrate the model into a gradient-optimization control algorithm to provide optimal scheduling for real-time infocommunication services in a programmable way. We present experimental evidence that our model gives a proper delay estimation on a real software switch. We evaluate our control algorithm on multiple representative use cases using a software switch simulator. Our results show the algorithm drives the system to a real-time capable state in just a few control periods even in case of complex services.