International Technical Standards for Digital Credentials and Digital Badges
Tsuneo Yamada · Journal of JSEE · 2025
In this paper, the progress of digital credentials and digital badges is reviewed in focusing both on international technical standards such as 1EdTech Consortium’s Open Badges, CLR and CASE, and several microcredential frameworks in the US and Japan. Microcredentials are one of the essential functions of the digital ecosystems for lifelong learning and recurrent education.