Quality Measurement for Imperceptibility Watermarking Based on PSNR and SSIM using Walsh Hadamard Transform
Eko Hari Rachmawanto, Moch. Sjamsul Hidajat, Didik Hermanto, Dibyo Adi Wibowo, Zudha Pratama, Ichwan Setiarso, Erna Zuni Astuti, Lekso Budi Handoko, Noorayisahbe Mohd Yaacob · 2024
The imperceptibility watermarking technique addresses the challenge of protecting digital content from unauthorized distribution while ensuring minimal impact on its visual quality. In this study, we propose a solution utilizing the Walsh-Hadamard Transform (WHT) to embed watermarks into digital images imperceptibly. WHT is a mathematical transformation that converts spatial domain data into the frequency domain, allowing for efficient watermark embedding while preserving the visual integrity of the original image. Our experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the WHT-based watermarking method, with the watermarked Lena image achieving the highest peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of 58.712 dB and a structural similarity index (SSIM) of 0.99991 at an alpha value of 0.1, indicating minimal distortion and nearly perfect similarity with the original image. These findings highlight the robustness and reliability of our proposed technique in preserving image quality while embedding imperceptible watermarks. Moreover, our study contributes novel insights into the selection of alpha values for optimizing watermarking performance, as well as the potential applications of WHT-based watermarking in real-world scenarios such as copyright protection and intellectual property rights enforcement. For future research, further exploration into enhancing watermarking techniques and investigating novel applications of WHT-based watermarking in emerging technologies could lead to significant advancements in digital content protection and security.