An Efficient Method for Accelerating Kyber and Dilithium Post-Quantum Cryptography
Duc-Thuan Dam, Trong-Hung Nguyen, Thai-Ha Tran, Binh Kieu-Do-Nguyen, Trong- Thuc Hoang, Cong‐Kha Pham · 2024
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms were introduced in response to the threats of attacks using quantum computers. The CRYSTALS-Kyber and CRYSTALS-Dilithium are two of the algorithms chosen by NIST to standardize the PQC, which are lattice-based algorithms. Number theoretic transform (NTT) helps lattice-based algorithms reduce latency, but it is still their bottleneck. Along with that, the RISC-V instruction set architecture also opens up flexible methods to solve different problems. This paper proposes a RISC-V system-on-a-chip (SoC) architecture with a computational accelerator for NTT-based calculations for Kyber and Dilithium. Implementation results show that software running on proposed SoC using accelerators has improved in NTT/INTT by up to$36.75\times/42.69\times$compared to software on embedded devices, up to$4.07\times/4.38\times$for software running on RISC-V SoCs, and up to$8.11\times$for NTT of the previous software/hardware architectures.