Defeating and Improving Network Flow Classifiers Through Adversarial Machine Learning
Yannick Merkli, Roland Meier, Martin Strohmeier, Vincent Lenders · 2024
Recent work has shown that machine learning models can be vulnerable to an adversary crafting targeted inputs designed to cause mispredictions. This is critical in security-related applications such as network intrusion detection systems. While past attacks such as mimicry or gradient-based attacks are able to efficiently generate adversarial examples, they require potentially large input modifications, which is not effective at defeating network flow classifiers. In this work, we show that small modifications to the input (e.g., the traffic that the attacker generates) are enough to manipulate the outcome of a classifier. We focus on minimally evasive adversarial examples to defeat tree-ensemble-based network flow classifiers. We develop an attack that builds on a previous attack introduced by Kantchelian et al. in 2016, which formulates evasion for tree ensembles as a Mixed Integer Linear Program, and which we extend by supporting discrete and categorical features, implementing per-feature evasion costs and modeling inter-feature dependencies. This makes our attack more applicable to the network flow classification problem, which typically uses diverse and interdependent input features. We demonstrate our attack on the network flow classifier developed by Känzig et al. in 2019, which was trained to detect command and control (C&C) channels in the Locked Shields cyber defense exercise. Our evaluation shows that minor perturbations of 1 to 4 flow features suffice to successfully fool the classifier. We further retrain the network flow classifier using state-of-the-art adversarial boosting and robust decision tree training published by Chen et al. in 2019. For example, using adversarial boosting, the resulting robust classifier shows a 62.5% increased median evasion distance while achieving equivalent precision and recall on unperturbed samples as the original classifier.