Industrial Control Protocol Type Inference Using Transformer and Rule-based Re-Clustering
Yuhuan Liu, Yulong Ding, Jie Sheng Jiang, Bin Jie Xiao, Shuang‐Hua Yang · 2024
The development of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is impeded by the lack of unknown protocol specifications. Protocol Reverse Engineering (PRE) plays a crucial role in inferring unpublished protocol specifications by analyzing traffic messages. Since different types within a protocol often have distinct formats, inferring the protocol type is essential for subsequent reverse analysis. Natural Language Processing (NLP) models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in various sequence tasks, and traffic messages of unknown protocols can be analyzed as sequences. In this paper, we propose a framework for clustering unknown industrial control protocol types. Our framework utilizes a transformer-based auto-encoder network to train corresponding request and response messages, leveraging intermediate layer embedding vectors learned by the network for clustering. The clustering results are employed to extract candidate keywords and establish empirical rules. Subsequently, rule-based re-clustering is performed, and its effectiveness is evaluated based on previous clustering results. Through this re-clustering process, we identify the most effective combination of keywords that define the type. We evaluate the proposed framework using three general protocols that have different type rules and successfully separate the protocol internal types completely.