Elderly Experience Evaluation through Medication Learning Application with Augmented Reality
Shubhabrata Sarker, Sajib Biswas, Adnan Azad, Abutasir Shafin, Maruf Ahmed, Ronok Mahamud · Reptiles & Amphibians · 2018
I nterspecific amplexus, which has been reported in many species of amphibians, is an infrequent reproductive behavior in amphibians during which individuals of different species engage in various mating positions (e.g., Serrano et al. 2022).We herein report multiple instances of interspecific amplexus involving males of two species in the family Dicroglossidae, the Green Pond Frog, Phrynoderma hexadactylum (Lesson 1834), and the Indian Bullfrog, Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin 1802), in a circular artificial pond (diameter ~35 m, water depth ~1.5 m) at the National Botanical Garden, Dhaka, Bangladesh (23.822225, 90.346071) (Fig. 1).The Green Pond Frog, an aquatic species widely distributed across Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Sri Lanka (IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2023a), occurs mainly in freshwater wetlands in Bangladesh but has been reported from brackish water in Sri Lanka (Khan 1982(Khan , 1987;;Chakma 2009;Reza 2010;Hasan et al. 2014).The Indian Bullfrog, a terrestrial species found in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Nepal, and Pakistan (e.g., IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group 2023b), inhabits a wide range of habitats in Bangladesh, including freshwater pools, brackish waters in southern Bangladesh, urban areas, streams, hilly areas, and Saint Martin Island (Husain 1974;Khan 1982Khan , 1987;;Chakma 2009;Hasan et al. 2014).The pond also supports additional anuran species, including Rice Frogs (Fejervarya sp.), a species of Chorus Frog (Microhyla sp.), Common Skittering Frog (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis), and Common Tree Frog (Polypedates leucomystax).At 1730 h on 8 October 2023, we observed an adult male P. hexadactylum in inguinal amplexus with an adult male H. tigerinus in an artificial pond at the National Botanical Garden, Dhaka, Bangladesh (23.822225, 90.346071) (Fig. 2).During one hour of observation, the H. tigerinus remained essentially motionless and emitted several distinctive, lowpitched release calls.At 1550 h on 9 October 2023, we observed an adult male P. hexadactylum in inguinal amplexus with an adult male H. tigerinus on a submerged lotus leaf (Fig. 3).The pair remained in this position for 30 minutes before separating.During amplexus, the H. tigerinus repeatedly emitted