Area and Power Efficient FFT/IFFT Processor for FALCON Post-Quantum Cryptography
Ghada H. Alsuhli, Hani H. Saleh, Mahmoud Al‐Qutayri, Baker S. Mohammad, Thanos Stouraitis · IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing · 2024
Quantum computing is an emerging technology on the verge of reshaping industries, while simultaneously challenging existing cryptographic algorithms. FALCON, a recent standard quantum-resistant digital signature, presents a challenging hardware implementation due to its extensive non-integer polynomial operations, necessitating FFT over the ring$\mathbb {Q}[x]/(x^{n}+1)$. This paper introduces an ultra-low-power and compact processor tailored for FFT/IFFT operations over the ring for efficient FALCON implementation. The proposed processor incorporates various optimization techniques, including twiddle factor compression and conflict-free scheduling. In an ASIC implementation using a 22 nm GF process, the proposed processor demonstrates an area occupancy of 0.15 mm$^{2}$and a power consumption of 12.6 mW/28.1 mW at an operating frequency of 167 MHz/500 MHz for the non-pipelined/pipelined version of the processor. Since a hardware implementation of FFT/IFFT over the ring is currently non-existent, the execution time achieved by this processor is compared to the reference software implementation of FFT/IFFT of FALCON on a Raspberry Pi 4 with Cortex-A72, where the proposed pipelined processor achieves a speedup up to 3.8×. Furthermore, in comparison to dedicated state-of-the-art hardware accelerators for classic FFT, the pipelined architecture occupies 42% less area and consumes 64% less power, on average. The quantified speedup in the context of FALCON suggests that the proposed hardware design offers a promising solution for the efficient implementation of FALCON.