Few-Shot Website Fingerprinting With Distribution Calibration
Chenxiang Luo, Wenyi Tang, Qixu Wang, Danyang Zheng · IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing · 2024
Website Fingerprinting (WF) aims to identify users’ visited websites from encrypted traffic traces, disabling the anonymity of encrypted communication like the Tor network. It is practical to use historically labeled (source) data, e.g., public datasets, to pre-train a WF model, and then collect few incoming (target) data to re-train this model within a low cost. Unfortunately, there is always a considerable difference of latent feature distributions between the source and target data (i.e., the cross-domain problem) and an inevitable bias of feature distribution caused by a limited volume of target data (i.e., the biased distribution problem). Although current Few-Shot Learning-based WF (FSWF) methods achieve satisfactory performance on the efficient establishment, they lack cross-domain transferability, and meanwhile, are unable to alleviate the distribution bias. In this paper, we first systematically analyze the cross-domain problem among different domains of traffics, revealing the ubiquity and dominant factors of it. To mitigate the cross-domain and biased distribution problems, we propose a Distribution Calibrated Website Fingerprinting (DCWF) method that incorporates a two-stage distribution calibration process and a tailored circle network. In the two-stage calibration process, we first devise a re-modeling mechanism capturing the information distribution of the target domain to extract representative features, and then design a calibration process to adjust the biased distribution of the target domain. Subsequently, a tailored circle network is proposed to reduce the noise caused by the calibration process. Finally, extensive experiments are conducted and the results demonstrate the superiority of our DCWF over comparisons under both close-world and open-world settings.