Vacuum polarization and g − 2 of the muon
Vladimir Pascalutsa · 2024
Vacuum polarization is one of the most fundamental quantum phenomena. It describes the modification of the photon propagation by quantum fluctuations of the vacuum. Vacuum polarization affects many interesting quantities in physics: atomic spectra (the Lamb shift and hyperfine structure), the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and muon, and the running of the fine-structure constant α with energy.