Toward Automated Formal Security Analysis of SAML V2.0 Web Browser SSO Standard—The POST/Artifact Use Case
Zvonimir Hartl, Ante Đerek · IEEE Access · 2025
Single Sign-On (SSO) protocols streamline user authentication with a unified login for multiple online services, improving usability and security. One of the most common SSO protocol frameworks — the Security Assertion Markup Language V2.0 (SAML) Web SSO Profile — has been in use for more than two decades, primarily in government, education and enterprise environments. Despite its mission-critical nature, only certain deployments and configurations of the Web SSO Profile have been formally analyzed. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by performing a comprehensive formal security analysis of the SAML V2.0SP-initiated SSO with POST/Artifact Bindingsuse case. Rather than focusing on a specific deployment and configuration, we closely follow the specification with the goal of capturing many different deployments allowed by the standard. Modeling and analysis are performed using Tamarin prover — state-of-the-art tool for automated verification of security protocols in the symbolic model of cryptography. Technically, we build a meta-model of the use case that we instantiate to eight different protocol variants. Using the Tamarin prover, we formally verify a number of critical security properties for those protocol variants, while identifying certain drawbacks and potential vulnerabilities.