Does fiducial marker visibility impact task performance and information processing in novice and low-time pilots?
Naila Ayala, Diako Mardanbegi, Abdullah Zafar, Ewa Niechwiej‐Szwedo, Shi Chao Cao, Suzanne K. Kearns, Elizabeth L. Irving, Andrew T. Duchowski · Computers & Graphics · 2024
Invisible fiducial markers are introduced for localization of Areas Of Interest (AOIs) in mobile eye tracking applications. Fiducial markers are made invisible through the use of film passing Infra-Red (IR) light while blocking the visible spectrum. An IR light source is used to illuminate the markers which are then detected by an IR-sensitive camera, but which are imperceptible by the human eye. We provide the first empirical study that demonstrates such invisible markers are not distracting to a given task, as demonstrated in a flight simulator where distraction of visible and invisible markers are compared between experienced and novice pilots. Fixation frequency and subjective distraction scores showed that visible markers disrupted natural gaze behaviour, particularly in novice pilots. Our findings show that invisible markers should be used when there is a need for them to remain inconspicuous.