PolyDiseaseNet: A Multimodal Machine Learning Approach for Comprehensive Disease Diagnosis and Prognosis
R. Saranya, V. Adarsh, Saad Ahmed Akash, P. Amirthap, S. Dinesh Ram, N. Ajay Kumar · 2023
Cancer is a leading cause of death world wide, accounting for an estimated 10 million deaths in 2020 alone. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are essential for improving patient outcomes and reducing cancer- related mortality. However, traditional diagnostic methods, such as biopsies and imaging, can be invasive, time- consuming, and expensive. Deep learning, a subfield of artificial intelligence, has emerged as a promising tool for cancer prediction and diagnosis. Deep learning algorithms can be trained on large datasets of gene expression data to identify complex patterns that are associated with diverse types of cancer. Once trained, these algorithms can be used to predict the type of cancer that a patient has based on their gene expression profile. Keras, a high- level Python library for TensorFlow, provides a user-friendly framework for building and training deep learning models. Keras offers a variety of pre-built deep learning architectures, including convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and recurrent neural networks (RNNs). CNNs are particularly wellsuited for image analysis tasks, while RNNs are well- suited for sequence data analysis tasks. Gene expression data is a rich source of information for identifying cancer-associated patterns. Gene expression data reflects the activity of genes within cells, and different genes are expressed at distinct levels in diverse types of cells and tissues. By analyzing gene expression patterns, deep learning algorithms can identify subtle differences between cancer cells and normal cells. This study investigated the application of deep learning using Keras for cancer prediction and diagnosis, with a primary focus on five prevalent cancer types: colon, breast, lung, kidney, and prostate. The study utilized gene expression data from a large cohort of patients to develop and evaluate deep learning models. Various deep learning architectures were explored, including CNNs and RNNs. The performance of each architecture was evaluated on a held-out test set. The bestperforming model achieved a classification accuracy of over 95% for each of the five cancer types. The findings of this study demonstrate the potential of deep learning using Keras to improve cancer prediction and diagnosis. The developed models achieved high classification accuracies, surpassing traditional methods. By analyzing gene expression data, deep learning models can identify specific genetic mutations or signaling pathways that are driving cancer growth and progression. This information can be used to select targeted therapies that are most likely to beeffective for each individual patient.