An FPGA-Based Efficient NTT Accelerator for Post-Quantum Cryptography CRYSTALS-Kyber
Junyan Sun, Xuefei Bai, Yi Kang · 2023
CRYSTALS-Kyber has emerged as a significant lattice-based post-quantum cryptography (PQC) scheme. As one of the four finalists at round three in NIST's PQC standardization, CRYSTALS-Kyber uses number theoretic transform (NTT) to optimize polynomial multiplication, which is the most complex operation in CRYSTALS-Kyber. This work proposes an FPGA-based efficient NTT accelerator with a novel butterfly unit and an efficient modular polynomial multiplier. This work adopts a radix-4-based configurable NTT design, which can achieve forward and inverse NTT operations on a unified architecture. The proposed architecture on the Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA platform is 1.5x faster than the traditional radix-4 NTT architecture and 2.3x faster than the traditional radix-2 NTT architecture.