Hate Speech through Social Media: A Systematic Review
Shanza Khan, Muhammad Riaz Khan, Muhammad Junaid Ghauri · Global Digital & Print Media Review · 2023
Hate speech is a complicated concept and there is no locally recognized definition for it in Pakistan. But there are some academic publications and court precedents that tell us about what comes in the ambit of ‘hate speech’. According to them any danger and damage caused by certain forms of expressions have been globally acknowledged in defining hate speech. Our study explores existing research findings by using systematic review analysis on how social media may or may not create an opportunity for online hate speech and which kind of hate speech is mostly being disseminated on social media. A sample of 20 studies out of a total of 50 research papers found in the searches was analyzed that discussed online hate speech from 2015 to 2020. The reviewed studies provide exploratory data about reasons for hate speech happening on social media and how social media make space for hate speech and cyber hate. The findings of this study provide recommendations to counter hate speech on social media.