On the Quantum Chromatic Numbers of Small Graphs
Lalonde, Olivier · arXiv (Cornell University) · 2023
We make two contributions pertaining to the study of the quantum chromatic numbers of small graphs. Firstly, in an elegant paper, Mančinska and Roberson [\textit{Baltic Journal on Modern Computing}, 4(4), 846-859, 2016] gave an example of a graph $G_{14}$ on 14 vertices with quantum chromatic number 4 and classical chromatic number 5, and conjectured that this is the smallest graph exhibiting a separation between the two parameters. We describe a computer-assisted proof of this conjecture, thereby resolving a longstanding open problem in quantum graph theory. Our second contribution pertains to the study of the rank-$r$ quantum chromatic numbers. While it can now be shown that for every $r$, $χ_q$ and $χ^{(r)}_q$ are distinct, few small examples of separations between these parameters are known. We give the smallest known example of such a separation in the form of a graph $G_{21}$ on 21 vertices with $χ_q(G_{21}) = χ^{(2)}_q(G_{21}) = 4$ and $ ξ(G_{21}) = χ^{(1)}_q(G_{21}) = χ(G_{21}) = 5$. The previous record was held by a graph $G_{msg}$ on 57 vertices that was first considered in the aforementioned paper of Mančinska and Roberson and which satisfies $χ_q(G_{msg}) = 3$ and $χ^{(1)}_q(G_{msg}) = 4$. In addition, $G_{21}$ provides the first provable separation between the parameters $χ^{(1)}_q$ and $χ^{(2)}_q$. We believe that our techniques for constructing $G_{21}$ and lower bounding its orthogonal rank could be of independent interest.