HAMSA-DI: A Low-Power Dual-Issue RISC-V Core Targeting Energy-Efficient Embedded Systems
Yehuda Kra, Yonatan Shoshan, Yehuda Rudin, Adam Teman · IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I Regular Papers · 2023
The RISC-V architecture has recently emerged as a popular open source option for the design of general purpose cores with a wide spectrum of operating specifications. In this paper, we present HAMSA-DI, a small footprint, energy-efficient, embedded RISC-V core, featuring a dynamically scheduled, in-order, dual-issue processing pipeline, supporting the popular Xpulp extensions. The proposed cost-effective dual-issue implementation provides a significant performance boost and improved energy-efficiency over baseline low-power cores under common benchmarks. These include a CoreMark score of 3.48 CM/MHz (+22%) and an Embench score of 1.3 (+13%) with certain benchmarks displaying as much as 22% less energy than the baseline CV32E40P core. The proposed design was fabricated as part of a 16nm test chip, running at 1GHz with an 0.8V supply voltage. Silicon measurements demonstrate that the proposed core can improve performance by as much as 8$\times $for programs operating with full dual-issue utilization with energy-efficiency improving by as much as 6.5$\times $, as compared to compiled code on a single-issue core.