Zero-point Energy Conundrum for Spin 1 Particles
Joseph John Bevelacqua · Qeios · 2023
The zero-point energy concept results in an infinite energy that has not yet been fully resolved. This paper reviews the zero-point energy for spin 1 particles utilizing the Proca equation. The need for the zero-point energy is confirmed in Santilli's synthesis of the neutron from the proton and the electron in the core of a star. A possible resolution lies in establishing a cutoff energy (e.g., at the Planck scale) that negates the singularity. This singularity is avoided by establishing a restricted energy region that precludes exceeding the cutoff energy scale except under extreme circumstances (e.g., during a big bang/big crunch event). Potential energy functions, analogous to the Higgs potential or the short range hard core nuclear interaction, are introduced as possible mechanisms to establish the cutoff energy.