On the importance of severely testing deep learning models of cognition
Jeffrey S. Bowers, Gaurav Malhotra, Federico Adolfi, Marin Dujmović, Milton Llera Montero, Valerio Biscione, Guillermo Puebla, John E. Hummel, Rachel Flood Heaton · 2023
Researchers studying the correspondences between Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) and humans often give little consideration to severe testing when drawing conclusions from empirical findings, and this is impeding progress in building better models of minds. We first detail what we mean by severe testing and highlight how this is especially important when working with opaque models with many free parameters that may solve a given task in multiple different ways. Second, we provide multiple examples of researchers making strong claims regarding DNN-human similarities without engaging in severe testing of their hypotheses. Third, we consider why severe testing is undervalued. We provide evidence that part of the fault lies with the review process. There is now a widespread appreciation in many areas of science that a bias for publishing positive results (among other practices) is leading to a credibility crisis, but there seems less awareness of the problem here.