Short-Term Precipitation Forecasting Based on the Improved Extreme Learning Machine Technique
Isa Ebtehaj, Hossein Bonakdari, Bahram Gharabaghi, Mohamed Khelifi · 2023
In this study, an improved version of the Extreme Learning Machine, namely the Improved Weighted Regularization ELM (IWRELM), is proposed for hourly precipitation forecasting that is multi-steps ahead. After finding the optimal values of the proposed method, including the number of hidden neurons, the activation function, the weight function, the regularization parameter, and the effect of orthogonality, the IWRELM model was calibrated and validated. Thereafter, the calibrated IWRELM model was used to estimate precipitation up to ten hours ahead. The results indicated that the proposed IWRELM (R = 0.9996; NSE = 0.9993; RMSE = 0.015; MAE = 0.0005) has acceptable accuracy in short-term hourly precipitation forecasting up to ten hours ahead.