Spherical-based routing protocols for three-dimensional MANET
Alaa Eddien Abdallah, Ebaa Fayyoumi, Emad E. Abdallah, Ahmad Qawasmeh, Islam T. Almalkawi · International Journal of Computing Science and Mathematics · 2022
Position-based routing protocols usually assume that mobile nodes are distributed in 2D space. Thus many of the previously proposed routing algorithms do not support many practical scenarios if mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) nodes are dispersed in three-dimensional environments. In this paper, a couple of geographical-based routing protocols were proposed for 3D MANET, so-called, Spherical routing and Greedy-Spherical routing. In the Spherical algorithm, two dimensional face routing is used on the internal surface of a predefined sphere after projecting each mobile node on that surface. Greedy-Spherical starts with the Greedy routing algorithm as long as there is progress toward the location of the target node. If the next node is not closer to the destination than the current node, Greedy-Spherical shifts to Spherical routing. We evaluate the newly proposed algorithms by simulation, which shows a considerable improvement in packet delivery compared with traditional known algorithms.