Tango or square dance?
Alex Davidson, Matthias Frei, Marten Gartner, Hamed Haddadi, A. Perrig, J. Subirà Nieto, Philipp Winter, François Wirz · 2022
The question at which layer network functionality is presented or abstracted remains a research challenge. Traditionally, network functionality was either placed into the core network, middleboxes, or into the operating system - but recent developments have expanded the design space to directly introduce functionality into the application (and in particular into the browser) as a way to expose it to the user.