Conducting Cyber Effect Operations
Max Smeets · Oxford University Press eBooks · 2022
Abstract This chapter defines cyber effect operations and discusses the use of data. The first part of this chapter explains that cyber effect operations are a set of interlinked activities that may or may not use certain "tools" to achieve a goal. Most cyber effect operations take place over multiple stages and cannot always be clearly delineated from espionage operations. The chapter distinguishes between three main forms of cyber effect operations: denial of service, data manipulation, and system manipulation. The second part of this chapter discusses the data paradox: there is both too much and too little information available about cyber operations.