Upstream Mitigation Is Not All You Need: Testing the Bias Transfer Hypothesis in Pre-Trained Language Models
Ryan Steed, Swetasudha Panda, Ari Kobren, Michael J. Wick · Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers) · 2022
A few large, homogenous, pre-trained models undergird many machine learning systems -and often, these models contain harmful stereotypes learned from the internet.We investigate the bias transfer hypothesis: the theory that social biases (such as stereotypes) internalized by large language models during pre-training transfer into harmful task-specific behavior after fine-tuning.For two classification tasks, we find that reducing intrinsic bias with controlled interventions before finetuning does little to mitigate the classifier's discriminatory behavior after fine-tuning.Regression analysis suggests that downstream disparities are better explained by biases in the fine-tuning dataset.Still, pre-training plays a role: simple alterations to co-occurrence rates in the fine-tuning dataset are ineffective when the model has been pre-trained.Our results encourage practitioners to focus more on dataset quality and context-specific harms.