Multicopy observables for the detection of optically nonclassical states
Matthieu Arnhem, Célia Griffet, Nicolas J. Cerf · Physical Review A · 2022
Distinguishing quantum states that admit a classical counterpart from those that exhibit nonclassicality has long been a central issue in quantum optics. Finding an implementable criterion certifying optical nonclassicality (i.e., the incompatibility with a statistical mixture of coherent states) is of major importance as it often is a prerequisite to quantum information processes. A hierarchy of conditions for detecting whether a quantum state exhibits optical nonclassicality can be written based on matrices of moments of the optical field [E. V. Shchukin and W. Vogel, Phys. Rev. A 72, 043808 (2005)]. Here, we design optical nonclassicality observables that act on several replicas of a quantum state and whose expectation value coincides with the determinant of these matrices, hence providing witnesses of optical nonclassicality that overcome the need for state tomography. These multicopy observables are used to construct a family of physically implementable schemes involving linear optical operations and photon number detectors.