The Volterra input-output map of a high-frequency amplifier as a practical alternative to load-pull measurements
Frans Verbeyst, Marc Vanden Bossche · IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement · 1995
Using a nonlinear black-box model based on the Volterra theory it is possible to describe the nonlinear behavior of a high-frequency amplifier. Acquiring only a strongly reduced set of measurements, it is easy to predict the load impedance curves anywhere on a Smith Chart. The classic load-pull approach involves the acquisition of a large amount of data and still lacks a description of the nonlinear behavior of the amplifier in deviating situations.>