An overview of the logic and rationale of hierarchical linear models
D. Hofmann · Journal of Management · 1997
Due to the inherently hierarchical nature of organizations, data collected in organizations consist of nested entities. More specifically, individuals are nested in work groups, work groups are nested in departments, departments are nested in organizations, and organizations are nested in environments. Hierarchical linear models provide a conceptual and statistical mechanism for investigating and drawing conclusions regarding the influence of phenomena at different levels of analysis. This introductory paper: (a) discusses the logic and rationaleofhierarchical linear models, (b) presents a conceptual descriptionofthe estimation strategy, and (c) using a hypothetical setofresearch questions, provides an overviewofa typical seriesofmulti-level models that might be investigated.