Polymorphic Malware Behavior Through Network Trace Analysis
Xiyue Deng, Jelena Mirković · 2022
Malware continues to be a major threat to information security. To avoid being detected and analyzed, modern malware is continuously improving its stealthiness, including code obfuscation and encryption. On the other hand, a high number of unique malware samples detected daily suggests a likely high degree of code reuse under the layers of stealth. We observe that although obfuscation greatly changes a malware's binary, its functionalities remain intact. We propose to leverage malware's network behavior during its execution, to understand the malware's functionality and detect related or even same (polymorphic) malware. While malware may transform its code to evade analysis, we contend that its key network behaviors must endure through the transformations to achieve the malware's ultimate purpose, such as sending victim information, scanning for vulnerable hosts, etc. We propose an encoding of malware samples that can help us classify samples, identify code reuse and genealogy, and develop behavioral signatures for malware defense based on malware's network behavior. We leverage the same encoding to identify polymorphic malware in a random dataset containing more than 8,000 diverse samples from the Georgia Tech Apiary project. We cluster 6,595 samples which show some network activity based on our embedding features and more than 90% of the cluster contains potentially polymorphic malware with up to 80 % of the clusters identify truly polymorphic malware samples, i.e., they have identical network behavior as at least one other sample in our dataset. Such high level of polymorphism indicates a high level of code reuse, and shows how our approach can complement traditional code analysis techniques for malware defense.