Fast semi-automatic semantic annotation for spoken dialog systems
Ruhi Sarikaya, Yuqing Gao, Paola Virga · 2004
This paper describes a bootstrapping methodology for semi– automatic semantic annotation of a “mini–corpus” that is conventionally annotated manually to train an initial parser used in natural language understanding (NLU) systems. We propose to cast the problem of semantic annotation as a classification problem: each word is assigned a unique set of semantic tag(s) and/or label(s) from the universal tag/label set. This approach enables “local” semantic annotation resulting in partially annotated sentences. The proposed method reduces the annotation time and cost that forms a major bottleneck in the development of NLU systems. We present a set of experiments conducted on the medical domain “mini– corpus” that contains 10K hand–annotated sentences. Three annotation methods are compared: parser (baseline), similarity and classification–based annotations. The support vector machine (SVM) based classification scheme is shown to outperform both similarity and parsed–based annotation.