Speech Generation in a Spoken Dialogue System
Albertus Sybrand Visagie · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) · 2004
Spoken dialogue systems accessed over the telephone network are rapidly becoming more popular as a means to reduce call-centre costs and improve customer experience.It is now technologically feasible to delegate repetitive and relatively simple tasks conducted in most telephone calls to automatic systems.Such a system uses speech recognition to take input from users.This work focuses on the speech generation component that a specific prototype system uses to convey audible speech output back to the user.Many commercial systems contain general text-to-speech synthesisers.Text-to-speech synthesis is a very active branch of speech processing.It aims to build machines that read text aloud.In some languages this has been a reality for almost two decades.While these synthesisers are often very understandable, they almost never sound natural.The output quality of synthetic speech is considered to be a very important factor in the user's perception of the quality and usability of spoken dialogue systems.The static nature of the spoken dialogue system is exploited to produce a custom speech synthesis component that provides very high quality output speech for the particular application.To this end the current state of the art in speech synthesis is surveyed and summarised.A unit-selection synthesiser is produced that functions in Afrikaans, English and Xhosa.The unit-selection synthesiser selects short waveforms from a recorded speech corpus, and concatenates them to produce the required utterances.Techniques are developed for designing a compact corpus and processing it to produce a unit-selection database.Speech modification methods were researched to build a framework for natural-sounding speech concatenation.This framework also provides pitch and duration modification capabilities that will enable research in languages such as Afrikaans and Xhosa where text-to-speech capabilities are relatively immature.i • Elana, for her love and my sanity.• My supervisor, for his patience and many stimulating conversations.• DSP Lab members, present and past, for making coffee, keeping the network running, being productive and merciless sounding boards and for providing all the distractions that helped make the experience very worthwhile.• Many friends who shared many good times.iiiThe DTFT of x(n). y(n)A PSOLA synthesised signal.z Frequency in the Z-transform domain.