Motion Sickness Neurophysiology, Physiological Correlates, and Treatment
Deborah L. Harm · 2002
Cybersickness (a form of motion sickness) induced by exposure to virtual environments (VEs) is one of the most important health and safety issues that may influence the advancement of VE technology (Barfield & Weghorst, 1993; Gross, Yang, & Flynn, 1995; Kalawsky, 1993; Pausch, Crea, & Conway, 1992; Stanney et al., 1998). Research on space motion sickness (Oman, Lichtenberg, & Money, 1990; Reschke et al., 1994; Reschke, Kornilova, Harm, Bloomberg, & Paloski, 1996), and simulator sickness has shed light on the nature of cybersickness (Hettinger, Berbaum, Kennedy, Dunlap, & Nolan, 1990; Kennedy, Jones, Lilienthal, & Harm, 1993a; Pausch et al., 1992). As many as 80% to 95% of individuals exposed to VE systems report some sickness symptoms (Cobb, Nichols, Ramsey, & Wilson, 1999; Kennedy & Stanney, 1997), and 5% to 30% have symptoms severe enough to discontinue VE exposure (DiZio & Lackner, 1997; Wilson, Nichold, & Ramsey, 1995).