Minds and machines
Hilary Putnam · Cambridge University Press eBooks · 2010
The various issues and puzzles that make up the traditional mind–body problem are wholly linguistic and logical in character: whatever few empirical ‘facts’ there may be in this area support one view as much as another. I do not hope to establish this contention in this paper, but I hope to do something toward rendering it more plausible. Specifically, I shall try to show that all of the issues arise in connection with any computing system capable of answering questions about its own structure, and have thus nothing to do with the unique nature (if it is unique) of human subjective experience. To illustrate the sort of thing that is meant: one kind of puzzle that is sometimes discussed in connection with the ‘mind–body problem’ is the puzzle of privacy . The question ‘How do I know I have a pain?’ is a deviant † (‘logically odd’) question. The question ‘How do I know Smith has a pain?’ is not all at deviant. The difference can also be mirrored in impersonal questions: ‘How does anyone ever know he himself has a pain?’ is deviant; ‘How does anyone ever know that someone else is in pain?’ is non-deviant. I shall show that the difference in status between the last two questions is mirrored in the case of machines: if T is a Turing machine (see below), the question ‘How does T ascertain that it is in state A ?’