PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF SELECTED E2E TCP CONGESTION CONTROL MECHANISM OVER 4G NETWORKS
Mohanad Alhasanat · SSRN Electronic Journal · 2026
TCP is one of the main protocols that govern the Internet traffic nowadays. However, it suffers significantperformance degradation over wireless links. Since wireless networks are leading the communicationtechnologies recently, it is imperative to introduce effective solutions for the TCP congestion controlmechanisms over such networks. In this research four End-to-End TCP implementations are discussed,they are TCP Westwood, Hybla, Highspeed, and NewReno. The performance of these variants is comparedusing LTE emulated environment in terms of throughput, delay, and fairness. Ns-3 simulator is used tosimulate the LTE networks environment. The simulation results showed that TCP Highspeed achieves thebest throughput results. Although TCP Westwood recorded the lowest latency values comparing to others,it behaved unfairly among different traffic flows. Moreover, TCP Hybla demonstrated the best fairnessbehaviour among other TCP variants.