Reducing retrieval time modulates the production effect.
Megan O. Kelly, Xinyi Lu, Colin MacLeod, Evan F. Risko · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · 2020
Memory is reliably enhanced for information read aloud compared with information read silentlythe production effect.Three preregistered experiments examined whether the production effect arises from a time-consuming recollective processoperating at test that benefits items that were produced at study. To accomplish this, participants were required to respondwithin a short deadline under the assumption that a time-consuming recollective process would be less able to operatewhen less time is available. If so, the production effect under speeded responding instructions should be reduced relativeto a standard nonspeeded condition. Results generally supported this prediction. However, even under speeded respondinginstructions, there was a robust production effect, potentially suggesting that other, more rapid, processes also contributeto the production effect.