Quantum Computing Fundamentals
Robert Hundt · Cambridge University Press eBooks · 2022
This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts and rules of quantum computing. In parallel, it develops an initial, easy-to-understand codebase in Python for building and simulating small-scale quantum circuits and algorithms. The chapter details single qubits, superposition, quantum states with many qubits, operators, including a sizable set of important single-qubit gates and controlled gates. The Bloch sphere and the quantum circuit notation are introduced. Entanglement follows, that fascinating “spooky action at a distance,” as Einstein called it. With this background, the chapter discusses maximally entangled Bell states, the no-cloning theorem, the noneffect of global phases, the partial trace and reduced density matrix, and uncomputation. The quantum postulates are discussed in a nonphilosophical way, leading to measurement and how to simulate it.